signals with biomarker sensing strategies. Chemical changes are the measurement of

optical and electrical properties such as electron, charge, energy, mass, and signal using

different techniques such as fluorescence spectroscopy, UV–visible spectroscopy, and

cyclic voltammetric due to different kinds of noncovalent interactions. In Figure 10.2,

schematic diagrams of the classification and application of biosensors were given.

In literature, it is reported that the basic principle of biosensing of cancer biomarkers is

related to the chemical and structural changes in the chemical signal transduction using

their spectral results. These observed electronic, structural, and chemical changes in

signals show the efficiency of the biosensor on the determination of the biochemical

events for electron and energy transfers from orbitals. The chemical interactions between

biosensors and target analytes can result in chemical interaction owing to the electro­

active sites in the medium and dual electrochemical signal outputs. Especially, the cancer

biomarkers have a major role in the electrochemical signal changes between the active

surface of the sensor and target analyte by the electron transfer process in the electro­

chemical redox mechanism for rapid and early medical diagnostics. Furthermore, as it is

known, different factors such as affinity, adsorption process, covalent bonding, and cross-

linking are significant for the development of the biosensor by an effective immobiliza­

tion method.

FIGURE 10.2

Schematic diagrams of classification and application of biosensors.

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Bioelectronics